1950."Janguru Taitei"
manga was originally published in monthly comic magazine "Manga
Shonen" in Japan, which was published by Gakudosha. The manga
was later republished in 3 volumes by Kodansha.
The manga started in the November
1950's issue, and ended in April 1954's issue.
1977."Janguru
Taitei" manga was republished in 3 volumes in Japan by Kodansha.
All 3 volumes were released between June and August 1977.
1986. Manga "Kimba il leone bianco"
was published in 3 volumes in Italy by Comic Art. The first volume
had 160 pages, and it was published in February. Each volume costed
7.000 italian liras.
This
manga has been republished by Comic Art in 1998.
1996.Manga "Le roi Leo"
was published in 3 volumes in France by Glénat.
2001.Since May 2001 in Germany
are released all three volumes of the german version of the original
"Kimba the white lion" manga, and they are published by
Carlsen Comics. It is possible to order all of them online on thisweb
page.
1965. "Jungle Emperor" is the first anime in color (first
animated TV series) in Japan.
It
was aired on Fuji Television. The broadcasting started on October 6, 1965. and ended on September 28, 1966. It
was shown every Wednesday at 7:00 PM, 1 episode per day.
1967.
"Kimba the white lion"
anime was shown in Australia on Melbourne TV. It started at 4:00
PM.
1969."Kimba
the white lion" anime was aired as "Kimba el leon
blanco" in Spain on TVE for the first time. Also, it's
interesting that "Kimba" was the first Japanese anime
that was ever aired in Spain.
These
series were later released on video in Spain in the 80s (the
exact year is not known).
(Many thanks to Mazochungo for this info!)
1977.39 episodes of the 1966 "Kimba
the white lion" TV series were aired under the title "Kimba
der weisse Löwe" in Germany (on ZDF) and in Austria
(on ORF 1).
On ZDF it was aired every Tuesday,
from January 4 to October 4.
7
LPs and 7 MCs containing slightly shortened versions of 29 episodes
from the above TV series were released in Germany by Poly (a division
of Polydor/PolyGram).
"Kimba
the white lion" anime was aired in Italy under the title
"Kimba il leone bianco" for the first time in September
1977 (in Rome on "TV Voxson"; in Lazio on "GBR" on September 5), and these italian-dubbed
episodes that actually came from the U.S. (from NBC Films) were
aired on several TV stations to date (excluding the "new"
italian Kimba series from 1999).
During these years there were two opening themes - in the beginning
the show used the U.S. (NBC) opening theme, which was replaced
with the italian opening theme in 1982. The show had two dubbings
- the first one (in which Kimba had a female voice) ran from 1977
to 1990, and the second one that featured Kimba with a male voice
was introduced in 1983 and it was aired even recently (in 2001).
In the 80s both of these two dubbings were used. (Many thanks to Francesco Piccardo for these infos!)
1978.
"Kimba il leone bianco"
TV series were aired in Italy on "Antenna Nord". The
broadcasting started in Spring 1978.
1979.
From January 25 to April 14 "Kimba il leone bianco"
TV series were aired in Italy on "Quinta Rete" (future
"Italia 1") during the "Ora dei ragazzi"("The boys' hour") TV programme. (Many thanks to Francesco Piccardo for the initial correction!)
1980. From August 5 to August 25 "Kimba
il leone bianco" TV series were aired in Italy on "La Uomo TV", from Monday to Friday.
1982.
"Kimba the white lion"
TV series were again shown in Australia on Melbourne TV.
"Kimba
il leone bianco" TV series were aired in Italy, but this
time with a new (italian) opening theme instead of the previously
used (U.S.) one. This opening theme was composed by Riccardo Zara,
and performed by "I Cavalieri del Re" ("The King's
Horsemen"). It was originally recorded in 1979.
The first airing started on "Telearcobaleno" on March 2 at 1:30 PM and 6:15 PM.
There was also another airing on "T.R.E." (part of the "TV Port" network) that started on March 9 at 6:00 PM and that was aired from Tuesday to Friday.
1983."Kimba the White Lion" has been released in the UK on video by Entertainment In Video (distributor: CBS). A total of 2 volumes were released, and the first one was released on July 29, 1983. Each volume had a running time of 90 minutes (contained 4 episodes).
A new italian dubbing of "Kimba the white lion" episodes, which starred Franco Latini as Kimba, was aired in Italy for the first time. It's important to mention that this dubbing, instead of having only the wonderful Isao Tomita's music, had just 50% of the background music that was composed by Isao Tomita, while the other 50% was replaced by the instrumental version of the italian opening theme. (Many thanks to Francesco Piccardo for these infos!)
1985."Kimba der weisse
Löwe" TV series (33 of total 38 episodes) was again aired in Germany, this time on Sat 1. It was aired every Monday, at first (in 1985) at 1:30 PM CET, and then (in 1986) at 3:00 PM. The airing started on September 2 and ended on April 21, 1986. (Many thanks to Joachim and to Marc from Germany for these infos!)
1986. "Kimba der weisse Löwe"
was released on video by Taurus Video in Germany. It was re-released
in 1995.
Video releases
1988. "Kimba der weisse Löwe" TV series was again aired in Germany on Sat 1, every day at 2:10 PM CET, with repeats on the following day at 9:10 AM or at 9:35 AM. This airing started on March 31 and ended on May 7. (Many thanks to Marc from Germany for these infos!)
1989."Kimba der weisse Löwe" TV series was again aired in Germany on Sat 1, every Tuesday at 2:05 PM CET, with partial repeats on the following day at 9:35 AM. This airing started on April 4 and ended on January 1, 1990. (Many thanks to Marc from Germany for these infos!)
"Kimba the white lion" was released in Finland on video under the title "Kimba valkoinen leijona". These episodes are actually the italian 1979 episodes with finnish subtitles. Each cassette was 45 minutes long and it contained 2 episodes (probably). (Many thanks to Lauri Welling from Finland for this info!)
The
opening theme of the Finnish Kimba episodes, recorded in 1986,
is actually the 1977 German opening theme translated into Finnish
by Ari Pauli Meriläinen. It is performed by Hannu Takala,
and it was available only on the "Children TV favorites"
LPs and cassettes, released by a Finnish company called Sateenkaari in 1987.
Note:Again many thanks to Lauri Welling from Finland for the theme
and the lyrics! Sorry for the fair
quality of the sound, I've improved it a bit, but I couldn't do
anything else. But, if you're still interested
in
it, download it and enjoy!
1990. From September 3 to November 23 "Kimba
il leone bianco" TV series were aired in Italy on "Odeon" during the "Sugar" TV programme, from Monday to Friday.
The complete 1965 "Jungle
Emperor Leo" anime was aired as "Le Retour de Léo"
in France on "La 5" ("La
Cinq"). They were followed by the complete
1966 "Leo" anime, but this time the 1966 "Leo"
was recorded with new french voice actors. The airing started
on September 17.
The above episodes were later
aired on TF1 in 1995 (under the title "Le Retour du Roi Léo")
and on FR3 (France 3) in 1996 as well.
The opening theme was sung by
Claude Lombard, and pictured here is the scan of the 45rpm record
with the theme. This song is actually based on the opening theme
of the italian TV series "Sabato al circo"("Saturdays
at the circus") - the music (by N.Carucci) is the same in
both songs, only the italian lyrics (by A.Valeri Manera) were
replaced with the french lyrics by Charles Level.
The opening theme
(from the 45rpm record;
Windows Media Audio 9 clip; 1,41
MB)
Note: Although the image
on the cover of the 45rpm record suggests that the 1989 Kimba
series were also aired on "La 5", there is no further
information on this.
1991.14 episodes of the "Kimba der weisse Löwe" series that were never shown in 1977 (but which were newly dubbed - including the episode "The Return of Fancy Prancy" that was initially aired in 1977 but which was damaged immediately after that first airing, and so it had to be retaken and redubbed for the "Bou Bou" series), and all 26 episodes of the "Onward, Leo!" series were all together aired on Pro7 as "Bou Bou - König der Tiere". The name was changed because of the copyright reasons.(Many thanks to Swen Steffens for these explanations!)
In addition to Pro7, "Bou Bou - König der Tiere" was also aired on TV München, but the year is not known.
The opening theme(Windows Media Audio 9 clip, 336 kB; many thanks to Swen Steffens!)
"Kimba
il leone bianco" video has been released in Italy by a company
called Pretty Video.
The
shown video contains two episodes from the italian 1970s airings,
"Invasione degli insetti" ("Insect invasion")
and "Distruttori del deserto" ("Destroyers from
the desert"). This
video is a very rare item.
1992.
"Jungle Emperor" (aka
"Kimba the White Lion") anime was aired in Japan on
TV Tokyo every Tuesday and Thursday at 7:30 AM.
1994."Kimba der weisse Löwe"
TV series were aired in Germany on RTL 2. They
were aired almost at the same time "Lion King" was shown
in movie theaters.
1998.
In Germany in the City's library
of Munich (München) on two Wednesdays, August 5 and 12, starting at 3:00 PM CET four episodes
from the "Kimba der weisse Löwe" series were shown to
children on video.
38 episodes of the "Jungle
Emperor" TV series were aired in Germany on Junior, part
of the pay-TV Premiere World, Monday to Friday, starting at 6:15
AM and 10:55 AM.
The
broadcasting started on June 21 and ended on August 9.
2001.
"Kimba il leone bianco" anime was shown in Italy on
4 local TV stations:
- on
TeleNapoli 34 (Campania) everyday, starting at 5:20 PM CET (this
airing ended in July 2001.)
- on
Telenuovo (Veneto) everyday, starting at 6:00 PM CET (this airing
ended in 2002.)
- on
ReteSette (Piemonte), everyday, starting at 3:00 PM CET (this
airing ended in January 2002.)
- on
TeleRoma 56 (Lazio), everyday, starting at 7:15 AM CET (this airing
ended in January 2002.)
From
March 14 to May 7, 38 episodes of the
"Jungle Emperor" TV series were again aired in Germany,
and again on "Junior", part of the pay-TV "Premiere
World". The airing was from Monday to Friday, at 7:00 AM
CET.
"Kimba the white lion"
TV series was again aired in Germany on "Junior" (part
of the pay-TV "Premiere World") from Monday to Friday
at 7:20 AM CET under the name "Leo der kleine Löwenkönig"
(Leo the Little Lionking). This airing started on September 20.
2003.
On
March 25 2003 26 episodes from the 1966 U.S. "Kimba"
TV series were available for the first time on DVD by Right Stuf.
SeeDVD
releasesfor more information!
The italian Kimba airing called
"Una giungla di avventure per Kimba"
has repeated its broadcast after exactly 4 years in Italy on channel
Italia 1. The broadcasting started on September 8 (and it was aired from Monday to Friday at 08:15 AM
CET), but it temporarily ended on September 19, and
it seems that the airing has been interrupted for good.
2004.
The original1965episodes were aired on TV on theNihon
Eiga Senmonsatellite channel. It is carried on three
Japanese satellites as a part of three packages: on Superbird
C (at 144.0°E, freq.12583 horizontal) as a part of theI-HITSpackage, on JCSAT 4A (at 124.0°E, freq.12508 vertical) as
a part of theSky
PerfecTVpackage (channel 707), and on N-Sat 110
(at 110.0°E, freq.12371 R) as a part of theSky
PerfecTV 110package.
It
was aired every Sunday at 11:00 AM, one episode per week (this
episode was repeated every Wednesday morning at 06:00 AM). The
airing started in the middle of July 2004, and it ended on August 7, 2005.
Also, it is interesting to mention that, along with Kimba, three
other popular animes by Osamu Tezuka were aired in the same
part of day - an episode of "Astro Boy" and "Princess
Knight" was aired before Kimba, while an episode of "The
Amazing Three" was aired immediately after Kimba.
From September 24
to November 16 "Kimba the white lion" TV
series were aired in Germany on "Junior" (part of the
pay-TV "Premiere World") from Monday to Friday at 10:40
AM CET. These are the original 1966 episodes dubbed in Germany
in1977(38 episodes).
2005.
"Kimba el Leon Blanco" was aired in Latin America
onCartoon
Network Latin Americain the Boomerang
section. It was aired from June 6, and it
was aired from Monday to Friday at 6:00 AM ET, 2:00 PM
ET and 10:00 PM ET. It seems that this airing has ended
in the meantime (exact ending date is unknown).
The
first 26 episodes of the 1965 "Jungle Emperor" series have been published in France on DVD for the first
time. It has been released in a DVD box titled "Le
roi Léo
- tome 1" by a french firm called Rouge Citron Production
on June 21. Note that this is a french release,
with french audio only.DVD
releases
Madman
Entertainment from Australia has released on DVD all 52
episodes of the original Kimba series aired in the U.S.
and Australia in the 60s and 70s. It was released on September 21.
After the airing of the original1965episodes has finished on theNihon
Eiga Senmonjapanese satellite channel on August 7, 2005, airing of the1966("Go ahead, Leo!" or "Onward, Leo!")
series was started.
It was aired at the same time: every Sunday at 11:00 AM
(also one episode per week), with repeated airing every Wednesday morning, and ended on February 21, 2006.
Along with it, other Tezuka animes were aired in the same
part of day as well: an episode of "Astro Boy"
and "Blue Blink" (instead of "Princess Knight")
was aired before "Leo", while an episode of "The
Amazing Three" was aired immediately after "Leo".
On November 29
Right Stuf released a special DVD box that every true Kimba
fan should have: this DVD box contains all 52 episodes of
the original Kimba episodes aired in the U.S. in the 1960s
and 70s newly remastered with image quality never before
seen on previous Kimba DVD releases. More info about it
can be found on theDVD
releasespage.
The1977german-dubbed Kimba episodes were once again aired in Germany
and Austria on pay-TV "Premiere" - they were aired
on "Junior" from Monday to Friday at 08:45 AM
CET, and on "Premiere Start" and "Premiere
Austria" every Saturday at 08:45 AM CET.
The
airing on "Junior" started on August 24 and
ended on October 14, while the airings on "Premiere Start" and "Premiere Austria" started on August 27 and ended on October 15.
German Kimba fans finally got a chance to see some of the 38 episodes
of the Kimba series that were dubbed in german and aired
in Germany in 1977. On
November 11 Koch
Media has released on 4 DVDs 16 episodes from the series,
while the next 10 episodes were released on March 17, 2006. For more info please visit theDVD
releasespage.
On November 17 a DVD
box set titled "La leyenda de Kimba, el león
blanco" that contains 15 episodes from the1965series was released in Spain by Premium Video. What is strange, though, is that the image
on the front cover of the DVD box suggests that these are
the1993series. The box set contains 5 DVDs, and the episodes have
both Spanish and English soundtracks. The DVDs feature interactive
menus, chapter selectors, and infos about habits and customs
of the animal that is shown on each DVD. (Many
thanks to Lauri Welling from Finland for info about this
DVD release!)
Gilbert Mack, the voice of Pauley Cracker (and
the voice of Mr. Pompus) in
the original U.S. Kimba series, passed away on December 5 at the age of 93.
2006.
The german-dubbed Kimba episodes
from1977were again aired in Germany on "Junior", part
of the pay-TV "Premiere". These episodes were
aired from January 11 to June 24 on "Premiere Start" and from January 14 to June 26 on "Premiere
Austria". They
were aired on "Junior" from Monday to Friday
at 7:35 AM CET (since March 17), and on "Premiere Start"/"Premiere Austria" Saturdays at 9:25 AM CET.
A DVD box with the next 26 episodes of the 1965 "Jungle Emperor" (aka "Kimba the White Lion") series, titled "Le roi Léo - tome 2", has been released on January 24, again by Rouge Citron Production. This is a french release as well, with french audio only. DVD releases
Yet more DVD box sets with french-dubbed episodes of the 1965 "Jungle Emperor" series were released - 2 DVD box sets titled "Le Roi Leo" with 12 DVDs containing all 52 episodes have been separately released by Déclic Images on March 9 and on June 7, and another, 3rd DVD box set, containing 26 episodes of the 1966 "Leo" series has been announced, however it never made to the stores. These DVD sets were discontinued in the meantime, and instead five 4-DVD sets were made available in 2007 and 2008 - first three sets contain the 1965 "Jungle Emperor" episodes, and the last two sets contains the 1966 "Leo the Lion" series.DVD releases
Starting August 7 the1965"Jungle Emperor" series were again aired in Japan, this time onCartoon Network Japanas a part of the "Boomerang" program. It was aired from Monday to Friday at 6:00 AM, 1 episode a day (with repeats on the same day at 11:00 PM). This airing lasted until October 16. However, a repeated airing of the series has started onCNJon December 11, and this time it is aired from Monday to Friday at 6:30 AM, with the repeat of the episode at 11:30 PM. After January 1, 2007 the episodes were aired Monday-Friday at 10:30 AM. This airing ended on February 19, 2007.
2007.
In Germany a 10-DVD box set called "Superbox" and containing all 38 episodes of the Kimba series that were dubbed in german and aired in Germany in 1977 has been released by Koch Media Entertainment on March 23.DVD releases
From July 13 to September 21 the original1965"Jungle Emperor" series were again aired in Japan onCartoon Network Japan, 1 episode every day from Monday to Friday at 10:00 AM, with a repeat on the same day at 11:00 PM.
From July 15 to August 21 the german-dubbed Kimba episodes from1977were again aired in Germany on "Junior", part of the pay-TVPremiere(now Sky), every day at 6:00 AM CET. Just like on "Junior", 5 episodes from this dubbing were aired on the other two pay-TV channels, "Premiere Start" and "Premiere Austria", every Saturday from July 21 to August 18 at 6:00 AM CET.
2008.
From February 19 to March 27 the german-dubbed Kimba episodes from1977were again aired in Germany on "Junior", part of the pay-TV Premiere(now Sky), every day at 6:00 AM. The episodes aired on Saturday were aired on the same day at the same time on "Junior", and also on "Premiere Start" and in Austria on "Premiere Austria".
From April 2 to May 8, 14 years after the last airing, the 2nd german airing of Kimba from1991 known as "BouBou - Koenig der Tiere" has been once again aired on TV in Germany. This time it was aired on "Junior", every day at 11:45 AM, but instead of all 40 episodes, only 37 episodes have been aired.
From July 1-18 only 18 episodes from the german-dubbed Kimba episodes from1977were having another airing in Germany on "Junior". They were aired every day: Monday to Friday at 8:30 AM, and Saturday & Sunday at 7:20 AM. The episodes aired on "Junior" on Saturday were aired on the same day at 8:20 AM on "Premiere Start" and in Austria on "Premiere Austria".
From August 10 to October 20 the original1965"Jungle Emperor" series were again aired in Japan onCartoon Network Japan, 1 episode every day from Sunday to Thursday at 12:00 AM.
Good news for Kimba (and Tezuka) fans in the UK: both "Jungle Emperor" movies, along with the first episode from the 1965 series, were screened during the "Osamu Tezuka: Movies into Manga" festival (September 18-24) held in the London'sBarbican Centre. The first episode from the original Jungle Emperor series was screened on September 19 from 5:45 PM as part of the "Tezuka on the Telly 1" programme, the 1997movie was screened on September 20 at 11:00 AM, and on September 23 at 10:30 AM GMT ("Schools' screening"), and the1966movie was screened on September 21 at 12:00 AM GMT. All the screenings were in the Centre's Cinema 1. The 1997 movie was dubbed in English, while the 1966 movie were subtitled in English - for the very first time, which made this screening very special.
On September 22 the japanese Internet TVBranco added a new channel called "Tezuka Osamu Animation World", which showed Tezuka's works/series like Astroboy, Princess Knight, The
Three-Eyed One, BlackJack, One Million-Year Trip: Bander Book and
Fumoon. The1965Jungle Emperor (later known as Kimba the White Lion) series has also been aired. However, on January 30, 2009Brancoceased to exist as an Internet TV service.
2009. From Wednesday, February 18 to Thursday, April 30, the original1965"Jungle Emperor" series were again aired in Japan onCartoon Network Japan, 1 episode every day from Sunday to Thursday at 12:00 AM.
2010. From April 22 (from July 12 for "Sesta Rete") "Kimba il leone bianco"
anime was shown on 3 local TV stations (all airings ended in August):
- on
Telestudio (Piemonte) everyday, starting at 6:45 AM and at 8:30 PM
CET
- on
Quinta Rete (Piemonte) everyday, starting at 8:00 AM and at 5:00 PM CET
- on
Sesta Rete (Piemonte), everyday, starting at 4:00 PM and at 7:15 PM CET
From October 2 to January 15, 2011, "Kimba il leone bianco"
anime was shown on D1 Television (Sicily), every Monday and Saturday at 5:35 PM CET.
Jungle
Emperor Leo (first movie)
1966.The
first "Jungle Emperor Leo" movie (the second one was
released in 1997) was shown in Japan and Italy. In Japan it was distributed by
Toho, and the first showing was on Sunday, July 31. In Italy it won a Golden Lion (1st prize) at the 19th Film Festival for youth held in Venice.
1967.
In Venezuela the movie "Jungle Emperor Leo" won a Silver
Lion at the Venezuela International Film Festival.
1975. The "Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was aired in Italy on "Telemontecarlo" on October 11, 1975 at 8:45 PM.
1989. The "Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was aired for the last time in Italy on "Junior TV" as a part of the "Film weekend". (Many thanks to Francesco Piccardo for this info!)
2006.The "Jungle Emperor" movie has been aired on Cartoon Network Japan as a part of the "Cartoon Network Theater" on February 18 and on May 6 (at 12:00 PM and at 7:00 PM).
2008.
Good news for Kimba (and Tezuka) fans in the UK: both "Jungle Emperor" movies, along with the first episode from the 1965 series, were screened during the "Osamu Tezuka: Movies into Manga" festival (September 18-24) held in the London'sBarbican Centre. The first episode from the original Jungle Emperor series was screened on September 19 from 5:45 PM as part of the "Tezuka on the Telly 1" programme, the 1997movie was screened on September 20 at 11:00 AM, and on September 23 at 10:30 AM GMT ("Schools' screening"), and the1966movie was screened on September 21 at 12:00 AM GMT. All the screenings were in the Centre's Cinema 1. The 1997 movie was dubbed in English, while the 1966 movie were subtitled in English - for the very first time, which made this screening very special.
"Go
ahead, Leo!" TV series
1966."Janguru Taitei - Susume, Leo!" (Go ahead, Leo!) anime,
sequel to "Jungle Emperor", was shown in Japan again
on Fuji Television. The broadcasting started on October 5, 1966. and ended on March 9, 1967. It was shown
every Wednesday at 7:00 PM, 1 episode per day.
One episode from the series was
shown in theaters in Italy under the title "Leo il re della
jungla". It won a Golden Lion (1st prize)
at the 19th Film Festival for youth held in Venice.
1972.The
1966 "Leo" TV series were
aired as "Le roi Léo" in France on ORTF. The
broadcasting started on December 20, 1972. This anime
was aired in Canada in the 1970s as well.
Note:
Many thanks to Lucie Gignac from Canada for the full lyrics of
this theme!
1984.
"Leo the lion" ("Janguru Taitei - Susume, Leo!")
TV series were shown in USA.
1990.The complete 1965 "Jungle
Emperor Leo" anime was aired as "Le Retour de Léo"
in France on "La 5" ("La
Cinq"). They were followed by the complete
1966 "Leo" anime, but this time the 1966 "Leo"
was recorded with new french voice actors. The airing started
on September 17.
The opening theme was sung by
Claude Lombard, and pictured here is the scan of the 45rpm record
with the theme. This song is actually based on the opening theme
of the italian TV series "Sabato al circo"("Saturdays
at the circus") - the music (by N.Carucci) is the same in
both songs, only the italian lyrics (by A.Valeri Manera) were
replaced with the french lyrics by Charles Level.
The opening theme(from the 45rpm record; Windows Media Audio 9 clip; 1,41
MB)
Note: Although the image
on the cover of the 45rpm record suggests that the 1989 Kimba
series were also aired on "La 5", there is no further
information on this.
1991.14 episodes of the "Kimba der weisse Löwe" series that were never shown in 1977 (but which were newly dubbed - including the episode "The Return of Fancy Prancy" that was initially aired in 1977 but which was damaged immediately after that first airing, and so it had to be retaken and redubbed for the "Bou Bou" series), and all 26 episodes of the "Onward, Leo!" series were all together aired on Pro7 as "Bou Bou - König der Tiere". The name was changed because of the copyright reasons.(Many thanks to Swen Steffens for these explanations!)
In addition to Pro7, "Bou Bou - König der Tiere" was also aired on TV München, but the year is not known.
The opening theme(Windows Media Audio 9 clip, 336 kB; many thanks to Swen Steffens!)
1995. 20 episodes from the "Go ahead, Leo!" (aka "Leo
the Lion") episodes dubbed in french have been released in
France on video as "Le Retour du Roi Leo", by TF1 Video
and MMP.
Video
releases
1996.All episodes from the "Go ahead, Leo!" TV series were
released in Germany on 13 VideoCDs under the title "Der Löwen
König" by a company called TopWare.
Each
VideoCD costed 19.95 german marks (that's about 10.00 US dollars).
TopWare
also released some of these episodes on VHS.
1997.
The australian DVD release of the "Leo the Lion" series
(containing 6 episodes from the series) has been released on 3
DVDs. These DVDs are region-4 encoded and are in PAL format.
1994 "Leo the Lion"
release has been released in Croatia under the title "Lav
Leo". The video distributor wasContinental
Film.
1998.
"Leo the lion" TV series were again aired in Spain,
this time as "Leo, el rei de la selva" on TV3. Airings
in July were at 8:25 AM.
1999.
"Una giungla di avventure
per Kimba" TV series (which consisted of the 1993
"Kimba", "Go ahead, Leo!"/"Onward, Leo!"
& "New Jungle Emperor Leo" episodes) were aired
in Italy on Italia 1. They were aired Monday to Friday, starting
at 7:15 AM, 2 episodes per day. The broadcasting started on Monday,
September 13.
2003.The italian Kimba airing
called "Una giungla di avventure per
Kimba" has repeated its broadcast after exactly 4
years in Italy on channel Italia 1. The broadcasting started on September 8 (and it was aired from Monday to Friday at 08:15 AM
CET), but it temporarily ended on September 19, and
it seems that the airing has been interrupted for good.
21 episodes
from the "Leo the Lion" series have been released
in the U.S. on September 30 on 3 DVDs by Front
Row Entertainment.DVD
releases
1989.
"New Jungle Emperor Leo" anime (1989 "Kimba"
episodes) was aired in Japan on Tokyo TV. The broadcasting started
on Friday, April 7, 1989., and ended also on Friday,
March 16, 1990. Later it was released in U.S. on video
as "New adventures of Kimba the white lion".
1996.One episode from the 1989 "Kimba"
series was presented at the "Tampere International Short
Film Festival" (March 6-10) in
Tampere, Finland. (Many thanks
to Lauri Welling from Finland for this info!)
1998.
Some episodes from the 1989 "Kimba" TV series were released
under the title "The new adventures of Kimba the white lion"
on video by Pioneer Family Entertainment.
1999. 1989 "Kimba" TV series was aired in Germany on "Junior", part of the pay-TV "Premiere World", under the name "Leo der kleine Löwenkönig" (Leo the Little Lionking). All 52 episodes of the series were aired from Monday to Friday at 11:00 AM CET. The airing started on 9th August and ended on October 20, 1999. (Many thanks to Marc from Germany for these infos!)
"Una giungla di avventure per Kimba" TV series (which consisted of the 1993 "Kimba", "Go ahead, Leo!"/"Onward, Leo!" & "New Jungle Emperor Leo" episodes) were aired in Italy on Italia 1. They were aired Monday to Friday, starting at 7:15 AM, 2 episodes per day. The broadcasting started on Monday, September 13, 1999.
2001.
1989 "Kimba" TV
series was again aired in Germany on "Junior", part of the pay-TV "Premiere World" under the name "Leo der kleine Löwenkönig". All episodes of the series were aired from Monday to Friday at 6:15 AM CET. The airing started on December 14, 2001 and ended on March 1, 2002. (Many thanks to Marc from Germany for the update!)
2002. 1989 "Kimba" TV series was again aired in Germany on "Junior" (part of the pay-TV "Premiere World") under the name "Leo der kleine Löwenkönig" from Monday to Friday at 7:20 AM CET. This airing started on 20th September and ended on December 2, 2002. (Many thanks to Marc from Germany for the update!)
2003.The italian Kimba airing called
"Una giungla di avventure per Kimba"
has repeated its broadcast after exactly 4 years in Italy on channel
Italia 1. The broadcasting started on September 8 (and it was aired from Monday to Friday at 08:15 AM CET),
but it temporarily ended on September 19, and it seems
that the airing has been interrupted for good.
2009. On theTOKYO MXthe1989Kimba series were also aired. They were aired from January 9 to March 31, from Monday to Friday at 7:30 PM, 1 episode a day.
Note: Most of the music from the above clip Isao Tomita,
the composer of
the music from the 1965 "Jungle Emperor" series, later
took and rearranged
for the opening sequence of the 1997 "Jungle Emperor Leo"
movie
1993
"Kimba the white lion" episodes
1993."Kimba the white
lion" remake of the U.S. 1966 series was made (it was released on video later). It was made by
Landmark Entertainment Group, Susuki Associates and CEG Cinema
Partners, and it was distributed by CEG Distribution.
In
Australia this release was later released on video by CEL Entertainment
(left) and by MRA Entertainment (right).
1995.
"Kimba
the lion prince", probably the second release of the 1993
"Kimba the white lion" release, has been released
on video by UAV (United American Video).
1993
"Kimba the white lion" video release has been dubbed
and released on video in Croatia and Slovenia. Video distributors:
Zauder Film (Zagreb, Croatia) and Alteka Video (Kranj, Slovenia).
One 1993 episode was aired on Duna Televízió on Sunday, December 3, at 9:00 AM.
1996."Kimba
el leon blanco" TV series were aired in Mexico on Fox Kids
Network. The airing started on Friday, November
1, 1996. This is probably the 1993 "Kimba the white lion"
remake dubbed in Spanish. (Thanks
to Mazochungo for the update of this info!)
1997.6 episodes of the "Kimba
beli levcek" video release was shown in Slovenia on POP TV.
8 episodes from the 1993 Kimba
(aka "Canadian") episodes dubbed in french have been released
in France on video as "Les Aventures de Kimba Le Roi de la
jungle", by L.C.J. Editions.Video
releases
1998."Kimba el leon
blanco" TV series has been aired in Puerto Rico. This is
probably the 1993 "Kimba the white lion" remake dubbed
in Spanish. (Thanks
to Mazochungo for the update of this info!)
1999.
"Una giungla di avventure
per Kimba" TV series (which consisted of the 1993 "Kimba", "Go ahead, Leo!"/"Onward, Leo!"
& "New Jungle Emperor Leo" episodes) were aired
in Italy on Italia 1. They were aired Monday to Friday, starting
at 7:15 AM, 2 episodes per day. The broadcasting started on Monday,
September 13, 1999.
8 episodes
of the "Kimba bijeli lavic" video release was shown
in Croatia on ATV Split.
Some
episodes from the "Kimba beli levcek" video release
were shown in Slovenia on TV3, every Sunday, starting at 2:00
PM. The broadcasting started on February 20.
"Kimba
el leon blanco" TV series was aired in Mexico on Televisa,
Sundays at 2:00 PM. This
is probably the 1993 "Kimba the white lion" remake dubbed
in Spanish. (Thanks
to Mazochungo for the update of this info!)
"Kimba
o leăo branco" TV series has been shown in Brazil, starting
at 6:30 PM. This is probably
the 1993 "Kimba the white lion" remake.
"Kimba
el leon blanco" TV series has been shown in Peru on Televisión
Nacional del Perú (channel 7), Monday to Friday, airing time unknown. This
is probably the 1993 "Kimba the white lion" remake as
well. (Thanks to Mazochungo
for the update of this info!)
The
1993 "Kimba the white lion" remake was aired in Spain
as "Kimba el leon blanco" on pay-TV channel Club Super
3. It was aired from January to April 2000, every day at 12:00
PM and at 9:00 PM. Before this airing, these 1993 episodes were
aired on some local TV stations as well. (Thanks
to Mazochungo for this info!)
One episode of the 1993 "Kimba
the white lion" remake was released in Russia on video by
Arena Video. Video
releases
2001.
"Kimba
the white lion" 1993 release has been aired in UK on ex-"M7's
Liberty TV" (its new name is Life TV).
The broadcasting of the series ended temporarily on April 5, but started again in May, and then finally ended on July 13. There were
6 different versions of broadcasting times(thanks
to Zarko Perkovic for these broadcasting times!; times are GMT).
In Slovenia in September and November
2001. slovene video release "Kimba beli levcek" from 1995.
was on 19th place of the Top 20 of the movies for children
and animated films held by the company Video Marketing Entertainment.
On December 30 one 1993
"Kimba" episode was aired in Croatia at 1:30 PM CET (on
"TV Nova Pula").
2002.
On February 9 another 1993 "Kimba" episode was aired in Croatia
at 6:25 PM CET (on "TV Nova Pula").
On May 23 one 1993 "Kimba
the white lion" episode was aired in Bosnia & Herzegovina
at 4:30 PM CET on "TV USK Bihac".
On October 19 one 1993
"Kimba" episode (Jungle Thief) was aired on Croatia on
GTV Zadar (thanks to Zlikowsky for that information).
2003.
In
Croatia in "Medioteka", which is part of the City library
of Zagreb with multimedia activities and which is designed for
its younger members (from 7-17 years of age), from Monday, May 26 to Friday, May 30, starting at 2:00 PM CET five
episodes from the 1995 croatian "Kimba" release were
shown.
"Kimba the white lion"
1993 release was aired again in UK after 2 years, on CTC - Christian Television Channel (part of "Sky Digital"),
every Tuesday at 4:00 PM GMT (thanks to Rebecca Gunn for this valuable
information). The broadcasting of the series on CTC ended on June 17 and then continued on Life TV.
On June 3 one 1993 "Kimba"
episode was aired in Slovenia (on "NET TV") at 7:10 PM
CET.
"Kimba the white lion"
TV series (episodes from 1993) has continued its airing in UK on Life TV (also part of "Sky Digital",
channel 202) from the end of June, every Tuesday at 4:00 PM GMT,
and has finished on December 16.
The
australian DVD release of the 1993 "Kimba the White Lion"
release (containing 8 episodes from the series) was released
on September 15 on 2 DVDs.DVD
releases
Four 1993 Kimba epideos were aired in Hungary on Hálózat TV on Wednesday, October 1, at 8:30 AM, 11:00 AM, 5:30 PM and 7:00 PM.
"Kimba el leon blanco"
TV series has been aired in Spain on TMT Madrid, every Sunday
at 10:30 AM. The airing started in December and ended in January
2004.
9 dubbed
episodes from the 1993 "Kimba the white lion" video
release have been released on 3 bilingual DVDs in Croatia and in Slovenia.
Video distributor in Slovenia is Media Film from Kranj, while in Croatia it is Zauder Film from Zagreb.
The
slovenian/croatian titles of the episodes on these DVDs are:
- DVD
1: Kimba Krempljev sin/Pandzin sin; Kimba v Parizu/Kimba u Parizu; Kimba in tatovi hrane/Kimba i kradljivci hrane
- DVD 2: Samson napada/Samson napada; Kimba in krilati tiger/Kimba i krilati tigar; Kimba proti
kobilicam/Kimba protiv skakavaca
- DVD 3: Kimba in kralj Bubu/Kimba i kralj Bubu; Kimba in hijene/Kimba i hijene; Kimba clovekov
prijatelj/Kimba prijatelj ljudi
(Many thanks to Tina from AnimeSlovenijafor this info!; NOTE: on the back cover of the DVD 1 is written "Kimba in kralj Bubu" instead of "Kimba Krempljev sin")
2004.
Kimba
returned to TV in the U.S., however these were
the1993episodes. It was
aired on thei-Life TV(Inspirational Life TV) channel, which
is available on cable TV and which is carried on the
U.S. satellites Galaxy 4R (99.0º W, frequency and
polarization 12140 vertical) as a part of theHITS - Headend in the Skypackage, and on Intelsat
Americas 7 (129.0º W, frequency and polarization
4100 vertical) as a art of theOlympuSatpackage. It was
aired every Saturday at 9:00 AM EST. The first episode was aired
on Thursday, April 8, and the airing ended in 2009.
"Kimba el leon blanco"
TV series has been shown in the U.S. onLa
Familia Networkin the 2nd Qt. 2004, Monday
to Wendesday at 8:30 AM ET and at 4:30 PM ET. This is (probably)
the 1993 "Kimba the white lion" remake.
1993Kimba has been aired on another U.S. TV - America One Network. It was aired every Saturday at 11:30 AM EST, 1 episode per week. The airing started on July 4, 2004, and ended in January 2009.
Although
I've found that America One is carried on the Intelsat Americas
7 satellite (129.0º W, freq.4060 vertical), the receipt
of America One on satellite is not announced yet.
Kimba
was aired on the Canal
Surchannel in Spain (and recently it was also aired
on Canal 2 Andalucia channel as well). These were also the1993episodes. The airing started in May and ended in June.
It
was aired every Saturday and Sunday morning as the part of the La
Bandaprogram for children (starting at 8:00 AM),
and Kimba itself started at approx. 9:30 AM/10:30 AM.
And,
the current distributor of Kimba series for TV stations in Spain
is Iniciativas Visuales Los Barrios. (Many thanks to Mazochungo
for all these infos!)
While it was still operating, Kimba has been aired on another U.S. TV -Urban America TV(UATV), and these were the1993episodes as well. They were aired every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 3:30 PM EST, and every Saturday at 7:30 AM EST, one episode a day. UATV had several affiliate stations across U.S. - perhaps you will be able to usethis linkto find their nearest affiliate station. It was also carried via satellite onIntelsat Americas 5(97.0°W, freq.3757 vertical). However, in May 2006 UATV suspended its operations indefinitely.
A
DVD release with 8 episodes from the 1993 Kimba has been released in the U.S., this time by Genius Entertainment.
See theDVD
releasespage for more information.
Some other airings of Kimba in the U.S. have also been reported: KVBC 3 Las Vegas had Kimba from October to December 2004 Sunday evenings from 6:00 to 7:00 PM PT, while KSN Kansas City also had Kimba weeknights from September to December 2004 at 1:40 AM CT/2:40 AM ET after their replay of the evening's 10 PM news.
"Kimba
el leon blanco" TV series was aired
in El Salvador onAgape TV Canal 8from the end of 2004 until June 2006, every Saturday
at 10:40 AM MT (before that it was aired at 12:04 PM MT). This
was the 1993 "Kimba the white lion" remake.
2005.The1993Kimba episodes that were aired onAgape
TV Canal 8in El Salvador were aired until June 2006 with a slightly modified schedule - they were aired every Thursday
at 12:00 PM, and every Saturday at 10:30 AM MT.
2006.
On February 2 a DVD
box set titled "La leyenda de Kimba, el león
blanco" that contains 15 episodes from the1993series was released in Spain by Premium Video and Llamentol. The box set contains 5 DVDs, and the episodes have
both Spanish and English soundtracks. The DVDs feature interactive
menus, chapter selectors, and infos about habits and customs
of the animal that is shown on each DVD. This DVD box was also released in Portugal in June 2006 by Filmes Unimundo under the title "Kimba o Leão Branco". (Many
thanks to Lauri Welling from Finland for initial info about this
DVD release!)
1993Kimba was aired on TV in UK. At first, it was aired
every Wednesday at 6:00 AM GMT onINI
- Inspiration Network International(many thanks
toKimba
W.Lionfor this info!). The airing actually began in May 2005, after which it stopped and continued again in December 2005. It ended on August 30, 2006. However, another UK airing took place in the meantime, and this time it appeared on Life TV and Life Showcase. On Life TV was aired every Monday at 7:30 AM GMT (with repeats on Friday at 7:00 AM and Sunday at 6:00 AM), while on Life Showcase it was aired every Monday at 6:30 AM GMT (repeats: Monday at 2:00 PM & Tuesday at 7:30 AM) and every Tuesday at 7:00 AM GMT (repeat: Tuesday at 2:00 PM). The airing began in the 2nd half of 2006, and ended on January 29, 2007.
1993 Kimba episodes were aired on another U.S. TV station -KTV - Kids & Teens Television, which is a part of theSkyAngelsatellite services. The airing times were: Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 10:30 AM ET (english-dubbed episode), Tuesday and Thursday at 7:30 AM ET (english-dubbed episode) and at 11:00 AM ET (spanish-dubbed episode). The airings have started in 2005 (it was aired already on June 16, 2005), and ended in April 2009.
KTV is carried on two satellites: on EchoStar 3 (61.5°W, freq.12676 left) as a part of theSkyAngelpackage, and on AMC 4 (101.0°W, freq.4108 vertical).
2 DVDs containing 6 Kimba episodes from 1993 have been released in Hungary by Vertex Plain on July 18, 2006. DVD releases
2007. The 12-disc DVD box "Aventuras del libro de las virtudes" (Adventures from the Book of Virtues) released on January 16 also contained 11 episodes (1 episode per DVD) from the 1993 Kimba series. The episode numbers are: 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25 and 26.
Video distributors are Premium Video and Llamentol.
2008. The 3-disc DVD box "Daniel el Travieso" (Dennis the Menace) released in Spain on June 10 also contained 1 DVD with 3 episodes from the 1993 Kimba series (Vol. 3 from the 2006 DVD
box set "La leyenda de Kimba, el león
blanco"). These episodes are "Great Caesar's Ghost", "Fair Game" and "The Red Menace".
Video distributor is Llamentol.
2009."Kimba the white lion" TV series were shown in Indonesia on ANTV from December 2009 to January 2010, every day at 7:30 AM, 1 episode a day. The airing started approximately at December 9 and ended on January 27, 2010.
2010."La Leyenda de Kimba, el Leon blanco" was aired on spanish TV networkRetelsat, Monday to Friday, from May 28 to June 17.
"Kimba the white lion" TV series were shown in Indonesia on ANTV from November 2010 to January 2011, every day at 3:30 AM, 1 episode a day (from December 23 to January 2011 2 episodes a day were aired every day at 3:00 AM). The airing started approximately at November 5 and ended on January 1, 2011.
1997.The second, new "Jungle Emperor Leo" movie has been
released in Japan. It was distributed by Shochiku and by BMG Japan.
The first showing was on Friday, August 1, 1997. at
9:40 AM.
1998.1997 "Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was shown at the 47th
Melbourne International Film Festival (July 23 -
August 9, 1998).
It was
shown on 2 places: in the Bourke Street in Village Center on Friday,
July 24, at 1:00 PM, and at the Forum Theatre on Saturday,
July 25, at 3:15 PM.
1999.1997 "Jungle Emperor Leo"
movie was shown at the Anime Festival in Berkeley 1999, on Saturday
June 20, at 3:00 PM.
2000.
The new "Jungle Emperor Leo"
movie was planned to be shown in movie theaters in Germany under
the title "Leo - Herrscher des Dschungels", but it wasn't
shown to date.
1997
"Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was shown at:
- Japanime
(the major film component of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Arts Festival)
at Dendy Opera Quays (August 23-27),
on Sunday, August 27 at 11:15 AM
- Japanese
Animation Film Festival (September 23 - October 15, 2000), on Saturday, September 23 at 1:00
PM, and on Sunday, September 24at 3:15 PM
- 2000
Asian Children's Film Festival (October 26-29), at 7:00 PM on Friday, October 27, and at
1:00 PM on Saturday, October 28
1997
"Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was shown somewhere by the
Ohio State University Japanese Animation Association on November
17 at 7:30 PM.
2003.
1997
"Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was shown at the Los Angeles
Anime Festival, on Wednesday May 7, at 9:30 PM.
1997
"Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was shown atAnime
Expoin Anaheim, California on July 4 and 5.
Since
October 28 the 1997 "Jungle Emperor Leo"
movie is finally available in the U.S. on DVD. The DVD contains
both subtitled and dubbed versions of the movie. It is distributed
by RightStuf. SeeDVD
releases.
2005.
1997 "Jungle Emperor Leo" was shown
in the theaters in France starting at April 20.
It was probably dubbed in french, but the original version
with french subtitles may have also been played in some
theaters.
The 1997 Jungle Emperor Leo theatrical
movie that was shown earlier in 2005 in theaters in France under the title "Léo, roi de la jungle"
has been released by Wild Side Films on DVD on
December 7. DVD
releases
On December 10 the1997"Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was aired on TV in
Italy under the title "Kimba - la leggenda del leone
bianco". It was aired onItalia
1at 9:00 PM CET.
2006. 1997 "Jungle Emperor" movie has been aired on Cartoon Network Japan as a part of the "Cartoon Network Theater" on February 25 and on May 13 (at 12:00 PM and at 7:00 PM).
2007.On Monday, June 25, the 1997 "Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was aired in Japan at 6:00 AM on the NitTelePlus channel.
2008.
Good news for Kimba (and Tezuka) fans in the UK: both "Jungle Emperor" movies, along with the first episode from the 1965 series, were screened during the "Osamu Tezuka: Movies into Manga" festival (September 18-24) held in the London'sBarbican Centre. The first episode from the original Jungle Emperor series was screened on September 19 from 5:45 PM as part of the "Tezuka on the Telly 1" programme, the 1997movie was screened on September 20 at 11:00 AM, and on September 23 at 10:30 AM GMT ("Schools' screening"), and the1966movie was screened on September 21 at 12:00 AM GMT. All the screenings were in the Centre's Cinema 1. The 1997 movie was dubbed in English, while the 1966 movie were subtitled in English - for the very first time, which made this screening very special.
2009.
On Saturday, January 3, the1997"Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was aired in Japan at 7:00 PM on theTOKYO MXchannel.
On Monday, March 30 the1997"Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was aired in Japan at 9:00 AM on theNHK BS2channel.
2010.On Thursday, October 14, the1997"Jungle Emperor Leo" movie was aired at 7:00 PM onCartoon Network Japanchannel.
"Jungle Emperor: Hon-o-ji"
2000.A 9-minute animation special titled "Jungle Emperor Leo: Hon-o-ji" has begun screening at the Tezuka Osamu World located in the Kyoto Station building. The screening was done on an 300-inch theater screen. An excerpt from the summary of the anime says "...When a child tiger rose by humans falls off a jeep and wanders into the jungle, she jumps on any animal because she is very lonely and needs a friend. This behavior, however, is considered very barbaric and causes uproar in the jungle. Here, Leo observes this intruder calmly. Then he accepts the child tiger as a friend on the condition that she keeps quiet in the jungle...". The Kyoto Tezuka Osamu World closed on January 16, 2011. Production
credits
"Jungle Emperor - Leo's Courage Changes the Future"
2009.In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Fuji Television's launch, and the 80th anniversary of Osamu Tezuka's birth, a new remake of the "Jungle Emperor" anime titled "Jungle Emperor - Leo's Courage Changes the Future" was broadcasted on Fuji Television on Saturday, September 5, 2009. The movie is directed by Goro Tanibuchi ("Code Geass"), and it is written by Osamu Susuki, while the music is composed by Takefumi Haketa ("Vampire Knight"). Also, one of the character designers is Yoshitaka Amano, known for artwork in "Final Fantasy" series of games.
This remake can be called a "21st century Kimba", as it is set in year 20XX, where "humans are at a complete loss what to do with continual environmental destruction; to protect nature being destroyed and to save animals being extinguished, the project to make an artificial jungle (called Neo-Jungle) is launched".
Prior to the broadcasting of the movie, 2 special T-shirts (probably limited edition) were on sale at the Fuji TV webshop, and 1 additional was sold on Graniph website.
From the official website you could download a PDF with a coloring page with a scene from the movie, but three other gadgets (a jigsaw puzzle game, a sliding puzzle game and a desktop digital clock with characters from the movie) are still available. In 2010 CD with the movie soundtrack has been released (you can find it on theCD releases page), as well as the DVD with the movie (released in both standard and special edition; both can be found on theJapanese releasespage).
Unknown
releases:
1996."Kimba
the white lion" anime was aired in Australia on a Fox
pay cable service (I don't know its exact name).
1997."Kimba the white
lion" TV series were aired in UK on Fox Kids Network.
The airing started in August 1997. The episodes were aired
every Saturday and Sunday, starting at 6:00 AM GMT.
1999.One "Kimba the white
lion" episode was aired in Turkey on the satellite
channel Cine 5. It was aired on September
2 at 6:30 AM.
2000.
13 episodes of "Kimba the white lion" TV series
were shown in Hungary on Minimax TV under the title "Kimba
a feher orozslan".
14 episodes of the unknown "Kimba the white lion"
release (probably the croatian 1995 release) has been shown
in Croatia on "NeT" ("Independent Television"),
every Thursday at 4:30 PM CET.
2002.
"Kimba the white lion" TV series were aired in
Turkey on "Star TV", from April to July 2002 starting
at 7:30 AM CET under the name "Aslan Kral Kimba".
"Kimba el leon blanco" TV series has been aired
in Peru on Red Global (channel 13), starting at 8:00 AM. The
airing took place in August. Later it was aired at 11:00 AM.